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The main electrical panel, commonly referred to as a "breaker box" is the heart of your home's electrical system. It is an essential device in the modern world, and one of the most important safety mechanisms that can be found in your house.

Your household's electricity is sent to your home from the utility company either through overhead power lines, underground conduits, or a combination of both. After passing through your home's electric meter, the energy is then sent to the main electrical panel to be distributed throughout the house. The main panel is your dwelling's power distribution center, providing electricity to outlets, light fixtures, and appliances throughout the house.

Electrical service panels are manufactured in various types, sizes, and configurations. The main panel may be mounted on the exterior of the building or, alternatively and more commonly, located inside the building, providing easier access and better security.

The main panel receives electricity through 3 main incoming cables and then routes this power to many smaller wires which create circuits throughout the entire house. The average breaker panel consists of 2 main "buss bars" which control power for the entire building. The main breakers draw electricity from the incoming energy source and transfer it to these 2 main buss bars. Sequentially, these 2 buss bars pass the electricity along to all the secondary breakers. The secondary breakers each control separate aspects of the house. For example, one may control the electricity flow to a particular room of the house, such as the kitchen, while another may control the power flow to the dwelling's air conditioning unit.

Larger beakers found in buildings with a higher capacity may divert power to sub-panels. These sub-panels will have its own set of breakers, used to control a specific aspect of the house.

A ground wire (usually copper) is always installed with the building main service panel for safety reasons. This metal wire runs from the neutral connector located within the panel, to a metal rod driven into the ground.

Every home's main electrical panel contains a mechanical switch for each of the circuits contained within the residence. These switches allow the circuit to be purposefully broken temporarily, thereby cutting power to that aspect of the home. These are used when service or repairs must be performed to electrical aspects of the building. Also, these switches may be "tripped" automatically due to a failure in the circuit, such as a power overload. This is to prevent damage to the electrical system, as well as to the building, such as an electrical fire.

The maximum power amperage capacity for your home is printed on the main breaker. Most residences have a 100-amp capacity, which is sufficient enough for all energy needs in the household. However, some newer homes are being built with a 200-amp capacity, ensuring sufficient energy capability into the future. Some older homes may be found with a 60-amp capacity or lower. This amperage is now considered insufficient for modern household needs and these homes should have an electrical upgrade for safety reasons.

Mr. Oliver is a marketing agent of Arundel Cooling and Heating. The electrical, air conditioning, and heating company offers electrical services throughout Maryland. For more information on their Electrical Contractors please visit their website.

Control A System Pneumatic Components

There are instances where we have used 4–20-mA analog signals to send pressure, temperature and flow signals from our sample systems to the DCS. (In NeSSI-speak, we call this generation 1.5). However this requires extensive wiring in a confined space; significant cost and effort need to go into design of cabling, intrinsically safe barriers, wiring and conduit to meet the electrical classification. In some cases as many as 30 I/O may be required to adequately monitor and control a system pneumatic components .

Intrinsically safe networks such as Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus, at least today, aren't physically capable of handling smaller devices such as sample system components and don't have the intrinsic power capability to support multiple devices without costly extensions.

Another critical barrier to automation has been lack of smaller sized devices (commensurate with the size of sample systems) such as actuators. Miniature actuators are scarce in the instrumentation field, so we haven't been able to borrow from that source. Low cost transmitters, now commonly available for instrumentation, aren't compact enough for a sampling system. The relatively smaller and fragmented market and unique technology requirements have kept the process analytical discipline from automating sooner.

The long and torturous learning process needed to develop proper extractive sampling techniques has created a very conservative mindset regarding acceptance of new technology. In addition, slow recognition of process analytical as a true discipline that crosscuts traditional engineering boundaries (instrumentation, piping, electrical) as well as functional boundaries (lab, process control, maintenance, engineering) has hindered acceptance and understanding needed to address special requirements of process analytical systems such as a purpose-built bus and local control.

The Solution
NeSSI Generation II recognized the need for a bus specific to the needs of sampling in a hazardous environment. Two variants are at hand — Siemens provides one bus, called I2C, while the other comes from CAN in Automation (CiA) (see "Intrinsically Safe NeSSI Nears," www.ChemicalProcessing.com/articles/2008/147.html) and has been adopted by ABB. Both are intrinsically safe, ultra-compact and suitable for operation in Zone 1/Division 1 environments. They also can handle as many as 20 or 30 components. (The trick is to lower the voltage to 9.5 v to allow current loads in the range of 1 amp.)

The first working examples of these buses essentially are modified extensions of on-board digital buses that have been silently operating, without a hiccup, for years inside many of our gas chromatographs. Once these buses and NeSSI-bus enabled sensors and actuators come to the marketplace, we have the tools in hand to automate our sample systems. It sounds easy but the need for different components to play nicely within a specified power budget will pose a challenge. Of course, if the sampling system isn't located in a hazardous area, the NeSSI bus can be used without an intrinsic safe power supply and associated power constraints.

NeSSI Architecture: Modular system includes
mechanical and electrical rails and can accommodate
a SAM.
Click image to enlarge.

Having a suitable bus allows us to move on two other critical issues: How do we unburden the DCS and manage our own signals? And how do we do closed-loop control and execute simple control tasks for process analytical specific requirements? We can use a NeSSI-bus-enabled local controller rated Division 2/Zone 2 (since it can be located outside of a sampling handling enclosure).

A physically large controller would defeat miniaturization efforts; we need a "hockey puck" sized programmable device that talks NeSSI-bus on one side and Ethernet or a fieldbus protocol on the other. We call this device a Sensor Actuator Manager (SAM). This SAM functionality to date has been typically embedded within smart analyzers such as gas chromatographs.

Some SAMs employ a programmable logic controller (PLC) to control a sample system. Unfortunately the sample system applets developed for these SAMs have been platform-specific and proprietary. At one CPAC workshops, attendees came up with a list of 60 applets that could provide a standard set of functions to allow a technician to set up, monitor and control a sampling system (and microanalytical device) without custom programming.

It shows the NeSSI architecture with mechanical and electrical bus rails along with a SAM. The SAM manages bus signals and controls the sample solenoid valve system via programmable applets. It also serves as an interface between a Zone 1/Division 1 NeSSI–bus handling the sample system sensors and actuators, and a higher-level communication bus. This arrangement allows plug-and-play capabilities of devices within a hazardous location.

A wireless pneumatic components personal digital assistant (PDA) or personal computer (PC) enables interaction with the SAM and provides a graphical user interface to visualize flow paths.

About the Author

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Can i hook up high level (speaker wire) to 4 channel amp and use preout for mono amp at same time?

i have a cross over, but thats still only 1 set per sub and 4 channel needs 2 so no fade control. my next thought is using cross over with "Y" splitter to 4 channel.

You didn't say how many RCA's your head has so I can't really be specific with my answer. I am assuming the head only has one set of RCA's. You can use line output converters on the high level outputs of the head to convert them to RCA's then you will be able to use the 4 channel amp retaining the ability to fade and still have the heads RCA preouts to use for a sub amp.

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