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Subwoofer refers to either a woofer, or a complete loudspeaker dedicated to the reproduction of bass audio frequencies, typically from 150 Hz down to 20 Hz.

Subwoofers are useful for augmenting main loudspeakers by providing playback of low bass frequencies at high levels. Subwoofers are available in several formats, including bass reflex, acoustic suspension, infinite baffle, horn loaded, tapped horn and bandpass types. The range of sounds from lowest to highest that the subwoofer is capable of reproducing is called frequency range. The actual frequency range can vary depending upon the type of box, crossover point, and the vehicle the subwoofer is installed in.

All loudspeakers characteristically exhibit trade offs between frequency response and response time or transient response depending on the characteristics of the voice coil, properties of the magnetic motor, the cone mass, and the nature of the enclosure.

The voice coil consists of a bobbin with wire wound around it. The voice coil is attached to the bottom of the cone and extends into the air gap surrounding the pole piece. The voice coil translates the magnet's energy into cone motion. Cone size and voice coil inductance are major factors for a subwoofer.

Subwoofers use drivers woofers typically between 8" and 18" in diameter, but some have been as large as 60". Some drivers as small as 4" may be referred to as subwoofers but drivers less than 8" generally have neither the cone area nor excursion ability necessary to produce deep bass, especially in practical sized enclosures. The most common subwoofer sizes in professional concert audio are 12", 15" and 18".

A brief history

The first subwoofer was developed during the 1960s by Ken Kreisel. Kreisel's solution was to design a powered loudspeaker that would reproduce only those frequencies that were too low for the electrostatic speakers to convey and thereby fill in the missing sonic information. Infinity's full range electrostatic speaker system of about the same time also used a subwoofer to cover the lower frequency range the electrostatic arrays did not handle adequately. Subwoofers came into greater popular attention in 1974.

Applications of subwoofers

Subwoofers are used in various systems. The main areas of application include professional audio, home audio, car audio and many other fields. Subwoofers are now almost universal in professional sound applications such as live concert sound, churches, nightclubs, and theme parks. Professional audio subwoofers must be capable of very high output levels. This is reflected in the design attention given in recent years to the subwoofer applications for sound reinforcement, public address, and concert systems.

A subwoofer does not necessarily provide superior bass performance in comparison to large conventional loudspeakers on ordinary music recordings due to the lack of very low frequency content on such sources. Most home and car systems have much smaller and unmatched drivers at low frequencies; they attempt to reproduce very low frequencies with large cone motions.

Victor Epand is an expert consultant for music gear, speakers, and microphones. You can find the best marketplace for music gear, speakers, and microphones at these 3 sites: music gear, music equipment, speakers, subwoofers.

1: Cheapest Onkyo SKS HT540B

 

Cheapest Onkyo SKS HT540B

 

Cheapest Onkyo SKS HT540B
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I bought this speaker to replace an old Panasonic AIOB that the village was the sound of the speakers is clear and obvious, but no subwoofer output in comparison. I run through the Yamaha receiver. I am happy overall, and still find great value for my home entertainment experience.

 

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BuyingOnkyo SKS-HT540 7.1 Channel Home Theater Speaker System

Extremely Pleased!

The Speakers sound great. That is what is really matters when you are looking for a Speaker set. There are plenty of specs, but I don't have the time or the inclination to get into it. Setup your speakers where they need to be, get a decent receiver and I have no doubt you will be pleased with these speakers. I have been enjoying the speakers for a month now and have been impressed with their performance in movies, television and music. I will say I paired my Onkyo speakers with an Onkyo receiver.

Outstanding solution for entry-level home theater well worth the price of the ticket!

We were wanting to throw together a sort of "auxiliary" home theater for the kids to give them somewhere to go when they didn't want to be under Mom & Dad's elbows (and vice versa!). While certainly we wanted gear that would last and perform well we also had minimal extraneous budget to work with so we feared the available options would be, well, lacking to say the least. 

The entire setup includes a Sony Bravia KDL-32L5000 32" LCD, a Sony DVP-NS77H upconverting DVD player, and the kids' PS2 which still enjoys regular use. The Bravia LCD was chosen for its connectivity options and the price I found it for just prior to Christmas at our local Wal-Mart. The DVD player was chosen for its solid reviews, Bravia-Sync capability with Sony flatpanel monitors, as well as price; it was scored in a closeout sale locally. 

For sound reproduction for the above display equipment the Sony STR-DH800 A/V receiver was chosen for its on-board surround decoding options and the ability to control itself (obviously), the TV, and the DVD player from a single remote while negating the necessity for buying a third-party universal remote control. Price again was a factor as I had a merchandise credit which had been pending for some time with another online retailer and the price I was able to obtain this particular receiver for after deducting that credit was all but irresistible. 

And last but certainly not least the Onkyo SKS-HT540 7.1 surround sound speaker package was chosen for its 7.1 channel compatibility with 8 separate channels worth of speakers including the active subwoofer, mostly positive reviews online, and finally (our mantra, if you will) price. It was, hands-down, THE best available option, both locally and online, for under $240/shipped brand-spankin'-new. Though not an up-to-date model the expected level of performance compared to the cost far outweighed the fact of this choice not being the "latest and greatest" thing available. The inclusion of the SKS-HT540 for this setup in conjunction with the above supporting gear allowed us to complete our project well under the target budget even after purchasing all the necessary cabling to tie it all together. 

First please let me address a couple of items contained within the negative review prominently displayed when you choose the reviews option for this item. That reviewer claims that the speaker cabinets for each of the front three main speakers (front left, center channel, and front right) are a full five inches shallower than the given dimensions as per Onkyo's product description. According to the manufacturer's website each of the large front main speakers have a depth of 7 7/8". My own measurements indicate a depth of 6 1/4" not including the baffle on which the speaker's three separate drivers are mounted or the removable cloth grilles. Including those latter two items gives a measurement of a bit over 7" deep. Each of these three cabinets, while not the same exact dimensions indicated by the manufacturer, remains of an appropriate size for the type of cabinet used with the specific drivers chosen. 

The four surround speakers ARE significantly shallower than three front main speakers. However, the surround units use an acoustic suspension alignment (sealed cabinets) as opposed to the bass reflex alignment ("vented" or "ported" cabinets) utilized by the fronts. Combine that with the fact that the drivers in the surround units are both physically smaller (3 1/8th inch mid-woofer Vs. 5" mid-woofer) and numerically smaller (single driver Vs. dual-driver) than the front anyone with half a clue about speaker enclosure design knows this makes perfect sense. 

Additionally the remark regarding the back panel of the active subwoofer unit displaying a claim of 130w while the product specifications claiming 230 watts of dynamic amplifier output is comparing apples to oranges. 

Upon inspection of my own unit I located a specification on the back panel of the subwoofer indicating operating parameters of 120v A/C current @ 60Hz / 140 watts. This labeling is in compliance with Underwriter's Laboratories' product listing certification. The 140 watts value has nothing to do with unit output power and is indicative of maximum rated power consumption. 
Additionally the 230 watt rating given in the product description IS provided as a "dynamic" output power capability. Anyone with half a clue about audio equipment would understand that in reference to amplifier power the terms dynamic, maximum, and peak are generally interchangeable and are values good for nothing more than marketing. These values are normally in no way equal to the "RMS" or "nominal" output wattage which will be a considerably more accurate representation of the actual real-world output levels the end user could expect to enjoy. While the actual RMS wattage ratings are not provided for some reason by Onkyo the 230 watt claim of dynamic power would lead one to believe the RMS figures are more along the lines of somewhere between 100 and 150 watts. This level of power is perfectly adequate for a 10" driver and is a fairly standard power level for active subwoofers anywhere near this pricepoint. 

"Whew!" 

"Having said all of that - how do the blasted things sound?!?" 

For the cost involved they sound absolutely fantastic. Please be aware that I'm fairly discriminatory when it comes to audio gear and the equipment used in our main family room is of a very different flavor (and pricepoint) than the item currently being reviewed. After running the receiver's auto-calibrate feature and then making some further tweaks beyond that I was pleasantly surprised at these Onkyos. 

During movie playback effects, dialogue, and soundtrack were faithfully reproduced and located properly. The machine-gun fire beyond Forrest Gump as he is running from the Viet Cong ambush attack was right behind you and the sounds of bullet projectiles ricocheting of off trees is unmistakable. The sounds of things flying apart (cars, military equipment, buildings, etc) during Megatron and Optimus Prime's final fight in The Transformers are enveloping and somewhat frightening! Perhaps unexpected is a better term here. There is an advantage this Onkyo set has over other sets at (or in many cases significantly above) this price point - the surround speakers, all four of them, are a 2-way design (separate mid-woofer and tweeter) rather than incorporating the single full-range driver configuration that is found in the majority of entry-level surround groups and a surprising percentage of higher-end units! 

During music playback the lowest registers of mid-bass did admittedly feel a smidge thin. The bass solo in the live cut of Pink Floyd's "Another Brick In The Wall, Pt2" on their double-disc 'Pulse' set sounded like it wanted larger drivers reverberating its insistence. The drums in "I Don't Care Anymore" by Genesis sounded slightly far away. Otherwise I found the set right on the money from one end of the audible spectrum to the other. The highs from the floating tweeters in the front mains were bright without being strained. Midrange vocals sounded true. The lowest octaves being provided by the 10" sub were accurate and well-blended. 

Even with my minor complaints aside at this price I truly do not think there is a better alternative for a true 7.1 system available. 

The one possible con is simply this setup's size. It will require a considerable investment in your space's real estate in comparison to other 'compact' surround options. It isn't designed to blend in with your decor like a Bose system and these speakers are substantially larger than the speakers commonly found in an entry-level Home Theater In A Box-type set. Please do review the dimensions provided by the manufacturer and know that they are "mostly" accurate so keep that in mind when making a purchase decision. If you want something easy to tuck away in a corner or hide in a bookcase this Onkyo set is not for you. If you do not mind the necessary space sacrifice and having a 'compact' surround sound set that will still, without a doubt, get noticed, then please give these some consideration for your budget surround needs. 

Review Edit/Add-On: Further Impressions... 

After living with the Onkyo SKS-HT540 for a bit now and having had the opportunity to really get the receiver driving them tweaked to what I believe is the best possible setting(s) in place for various modes I'm further impressed by this speaker set. 

In my haste to get all this gear set up for the kids so I could get them out of our hair, so to speak, I ran the auto-calibrate in the receiver and made further EQ tweaks to enhance the settings put in place by the auto-processing. I did not, however, delve all that deeply into ALL of the available settings. After digging a bit further into the receiver's menu structure I located some additional adjustments that needed, well, adjusting. After the necessary tweaks were made these Onkyos sound that much better to us all and seriously has the wife questioning the wisdom in having spent as much as we have on our main family home theater! 

A couple of observations - first is the fact that the surrounds on the mid-woofer drivers for the front main and center channel speakers are rubber rather than pressed foam as will be found in most "All-In-One" surround speaker packages in this price-range. This should offer both increased longevity of the speakers overall as well as give the speakers themselves enhanced control over driver excursion when being pushed to extreme volumes if that happens to be your thing. I do not have a peak-to-peak excursion measurement available but simply watching the speakers move with the naked eye would lead one to believe that woofer travel is actually noteworthy for drivers of this size. The amount of air being moved through the rear-firing port would further fuel that opinion. 

The second observation brings along with it a word of caution to prospective buyers - these speakers are not particularly efficient. The specs provided by Onkyo indicate a speaker sensitivity for the three front (left/right/center) channel speakers and the four surround speakers to be 86dB and 82dB, respectively. What this means, for those of you whom I am speaking Greek to now, is that these speakers, while rated at 130w maximum input wattage simply will not perform at optimal levels on lower-powered sources. The receiver we're driving these Onkyos with, as mentioned previously, is a Sony STR-DH800 which is rated at 100w per output channel and this rating is given at full bandwidth output from 20Hz to 20kHz. Be mindful of receivers whose output ratings are given as "XXX watts worth of output @ 1kHz" or some other specific frequency rather than the entire range of average human hearing. Receivers rated in this fashion are (generally) not going to offer the same level of output across the entire range of audible frequencies as it does for the specific frequency used for the rating to begin with. 

You'll also want to ensure that the wattage output per channel falls somewhere in the upper third of the input rating for these speakers. 

All in all? My opinion that these Onkyos are a fantastic buy at under $250/shipped has not been dulled whatsoever after using them for awhile - pick these up if your living space allows for these to be included as a part!

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speaker baffle vs. dynamat?

to avoid costly sound deadening a whole door panel (dynamat, fat mat, boom mat, etc.) wouldn't an inexpensive foam baffle seal the rear sound wave just as good? or is the point just road noise elimination?

yes the point of dynamat is for road noise

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